Cocoa trees in an African plantation Essay Example

Cocoa trees in an African plantation Essay If you want to feed the people of the third world eat chocolate. Discuss. Human use of the cocoa bean can be traced back to around 600 BC where it was used as part of an ingredient in a hot, liquid beverage consumed by the Mayans in Central America. Around 2 millennia later, in 1491 AD, Christopher Columbus introduced cocoa into Spain. Columbus had discovered these seemingly dull and un-important beans during his expeditions to the Americas where at this time cocoa was being drunk by the Aztecs, in much the same way as it had been by the Mayans. There was one difference though, chocolatl (meaning warm liquid) was a regal drink and very few people, mainly only the Emperor, ever had the chance to taste it; let alone the actual people who cultivated the bean. This situation appears to have remained the same for over 500 years, but just broadened to an international scale. In terms of the chocolate industry we are very much a global microcosm of the Aztec society. In England the average person will spend $98 per year on chocolate. 7 years ago the European chocolate industry was valued at $18,463 billion. Chocolate is a multinational industry and is sold everywhere in the world. However, chocolate has humble beginnings. Grown in many places from The Ivory Coast to Indonesia to Brazil, cocoa often starts its existence in poverty. Poor cocoa farmers in these countries grow acres of cocoa trees in plantations similar to the one in Figure 1. Cocoa farming does not depend on seasons, the countries that grow cocoa tend to have equatorial climates with evenly distributed annual rainfall. Fig. 1 Cocoa trees in an African plantation. We will write a custom essay sample on Cocoa trees in an African plantation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Cocoa trees in an African plantation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Cocoa trees in an African plantation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer So, with an all year round growing season it takes an expert eye to recognise by appearance which fruits are ripe. When these pods are identified they are removed one way or another dependant of their location on the cocoa tree. Machetes are now used to open each pod; a worker who is proficient with a machete can open up to 500 pods per hour. 20 to 50 cream coloured beans can now be removed from the pods; the husks and membranes are discarded. A dried bean from an average pod weighs around 50g. Around 400 of these beans are needed to make a pound of chocolate. This means that approximately 20kg of dried cocoa beans are needed to make 450g of chocolate (or one pound of chocolate). The beans are then usually piled into heaps in the sun and covered with leaves to ferment for 3 to 9 days, this removes the bitter taste from the cocoa. When the bean appears a rich brown colour they are ready to be dried. Drying varies from country to country depending on the weather they experience but the method tends to be simplistic and natural. When the beans are dry they are sacked (to the weight of anything from 55kg to 90kg) and stored in the shipping centres to await buyers. Presuming the cocoa is going to a chocolate producer the beans are shipped to the manufacturer and stored very carefully. If the beans come into contact with strong odours they tend to absorb an off-flavour. The beans are thoroughly cleaned as a precaution and then weighed. To develop the beans chocolate taste they are roasted in large rotary cylinders for varying amounts of time at around 140 degrees Celsius. The beans are quickly cooled and have their shells removed by a winnowing machine that passes the beans along serrated cones that crack the thin shell. The product is the nib which is about 53% cocoa butter. The nibs are now ground to create enough frictional heat in order to turn them into chocolate liquor, which is poured into moulds and allowed to solidify. Ingredients are added accordingly at this point depending on the desired chocolate end product. The mixture becomes dough like and is passed under rollers to make it into a thin paste ready for conching. Conchings function is to develop the flavour of the chocolate by mechanical kneading for hours or even days, this is often replaced or supplemented by the emulsification of the mixture to break up sugar crystals resulting in a smoother chocolate. When finished the chocolate is tempered with interval heating, then cooled and then reheated so it can be cast into the shape of the final product. The chocolate is packaged and then distributed. Two major chocolate manufacturers are Cadburys and Nestle, both of these companies have their names inserted into chocolate history; John Cadbury was the first person to produce solid eating chocolate through the development of fondant chocolate in 1842 and Henri Nestle created the first milk chocolate by adding milk in 1875. Both companies now dominate the chocolate industry internationally. Chocolate manufacture is widespread and there are countless numbers of companies: Lindt, Toblerone, Mars and Aeschbach Chocolatier to name but a few. These companies are all multinational, their various branches (such as supply, manufacture, marketing and distribution) are located throughout the world. Certain individual aspects of the MNCs, however, tend to follow certain inclinations; suppliers of cocoa are always found in equatorial less economically developed countries (LEDCs) such as Ghana and Cameroon, factories of the chocolate MNCs are usually located in more economically developed countries (MEDCs) or the nation of origin, eg. Britain and Switzerland. Fig. 3 A world map showing cocoa producing areas of the world The production of chocolate, as we know, starts with the harvest of beans in the countries that produce cocoa, these can be seen in Figure 3. I will be analysing three of these countries: Ghana (Central Africa), Brazil (South America) and Belize (Central America), two of which are in the top five cocoa producing nations of the world (Ghana is second and Brazil is fourth). All three of these countries are LEDCs, and they are all situated around the equator as seen on Figure 2. This means that they have an equatorial climate, these climatic conditions produce high temperatures throughout the year, usually with a temperature range of less than three degrees Celsius. Rainfall throughout the year is heavy, normally over 2000mm annually, and most equatorial countries have an intense, punctual and daily precipitation. Figure 4 is a climate graph of a typical equatorial country, we can see how conditions remain much the same throughout the year meaning that plants that can survive under these circumstances can grow all year round. Fig. 4 A typical climatic graph of an equatorial country. One of these plants is Theobroma cacao, seen in Figure 1, which is commonly known as a cocoa tree. This tree is native to Brazil yet it is now grown along the equator in many different countries. The conditions required for the cocoa tree are fairly demanding and the areas of cultivation lie only within 20 degrees latitude of the equator. Further still within this latitude a temperature range of 21-32 is required, rainfall is largely insignificant as long as the soil is capable of retaining moisture. So we can see from Figure 4 that equatorial countries provide ideal and all year round growing conditions for the cocoa tree. As mentioned earlier all three of these countries (and every other equatorial country) are LEDCs, or less developed in relation to other nations of the world. Figure 5 presents us with a table outlining the basic properties of Ghana, Brazil and Belize that give an indication of the level of development within them compared with an MEDC; the United States of America. Fig. 5 A table comparing equatorial LEDCs with an MEDC. We can see from Figure 5 that the division between LEDC and MEDC is fairly obvious (Particularly in the case of GNP), Ghana is the least developed out of our three equatorial countries. We have briefly analysed three cocoa producing countries, but what about chocolate producing countries? The United Kingdom is an MEDC, it is a major global producer of chocolate and also a main consumer. In the UK people have a comparatively high standard of living, the GNP per capita is $18,882 and a life expectancy of 77 years. The UK has been producing chocolate well over 100 years, Britain was the first country in the world to create and distribute solid eating chocolate and many modern chocolate MNCs, such as Mars, Cadburys and Nestle, have their headquarters or factories in the UK. The UK produces around 545,095 metric tonnes of chocolate per year, the individual UK chocolate market having been valued at around i 6 billion. As a nation the UK spends i 3. 9 billion per annum on chocolate confectionary. These figures give us an insight as to just how much of an important role Britain plays in the chocolate industry. We are now familiar with the equatorial LEDCs climatic conditions, which are (excepting Hawaii) the only environmental circumstances that support the cultivation of the cocoa tree. We also know about the level of chocolate consumption and production that currently exists globally. So rationality would infer that these equatorial countries effectively dominating the cocoa market should be rolling in it. Yet we also know that these countries remain LEDCs, some stricken with poverty and disease. At this point reason intervenes and we must realise that somewhere someone or something is cheating these small-scale cocoa producers. Cocoa production is an unsophisticated, un-mechanised and primitive industry, it is labour- intensive so cacao plantation owners normally employ workers when they are harvesting. Cocoa growers are not always poverty-stricken, some are extremely wealthy if they own enough plantations, but the people who work on the cocoa are plantations are invariably poor. Figure 6 is a house in Accra, the capital of Ghana, this represents the sort of living conditions that Ghanaian cocoa workers have. Behind that house is a Ghanaian luxury villa, of the sort that our rich, cacao plantation owners would inhabit. Fig. 6 Juxtaposing living conditions in Accra, Ghana. Plantation owners affect their workers quality of existence directly by how much they pay them, whether they themselves are rich or poor. In the equatorial LEDCs of study there is no minimum wage for workers; they are paid as little or as much as employers deem necessary, but there is also no minimum price for cocoa. Cocoa is a freely traded global commodity and its price is determined by the current supply and demand, previous attempts at establishing a minimum price for cocoa via the International Cocoa Agreements and the World Bank have failed and there were inter-governmental agreements to liberalise the market. This means that like the wages of plantation workers, cocoa prices can be as high or as low as buyers want them. This is a problem for both small and large plantation owners; some plantations are small family run businesses that do not employ workers so the price of cocoa can be directly detrimental or beneficial to them. In Ghana, for instance, the majority of cocoa sales goes through the district government which purchase the cocoa from growers and then sell it to manufacturers. These government organisations cheat the cocoa growers by altering the scales and paying a lower price for the cocoa in order to make a larger profit. The chocolate MNCs play a massive part in determining the lives of all the previously mentioned people. The cocoa growers depend on their demand for the bean; if the MNCs reduce their demand or turn to suppliers with lower prices then these people can lose their ability to earn money and even their homes. I will return to the MNCs later but we first have to acknowledge that cocoa growers standard of living is not always determined by factors under human control. El Nio is a disruption of the oceanic-atmospheric system in the tropical Pacific that can have detrimental consequences both locally and globally. El Nii o is the abnormal warming of these oceanic waters, which is on part of a see-saw process called the Southern Oscillation. This is the reversing surface air pressure between the eastern and western tropical Pacific, the opposite phenomenon is called La Nii o but is not a damaging to the weather as El Nii o. El Nii o causes irregular weather patterns across the world, it disrupts water temperatures, changes temperatures and can bring heavy rain or drought.

Writing A College Entrance Sample Essay

Writing A College Entrance Sample EssayWriting a sample college entrance essay should be very easy but you might have a hard time with it. Your focus is to come up with an interesting and entertaining essay. You can take help from articles online or books on how to write an essay. However, to help you with your essay writing, the following tips will be helpful.It is necessary that you come up with a different topic to choose from. This is a common problem among college students. You can use anything to discuss, but for some reason, you have trouble coming up with an original topic. You need to avoid making your essay too general. Be a little more specific if you want to excel in your essay writing.After deciding on a topic, you can start thinking about what you can write about and how you can introduce yourself to the reader. You need to take note of the name of the school you are attending. If it is the college of your choice, you need to write about the major you are pursuing. For some, writing about their personal or professional life might help them get into a good school. You can use this information in your essay.After getting the main idea for your essay, you need to think about the content and format of your essay. You can use any writing tools or medium to help you write the essay, but the important thing is to come up with an interesting topic and let your ideas flow. Good use of these tools will help you write a sample college entrance essay.The most important thing for you to do when writing a sample college entrance essay is to use relevant and authentic facts. It is impossible to make your essay sound like a novel. Instead, use as much verifiable information as possible. Research and study are essential to come up with an interesting topic and your facts should be believable. There is no way to make a single fact uninteresting and believable facts will help you find a good topic.Writing an essay is not easy. You need to know how to write an essay and how to make it interesting. By using proven tools like literary techniques, you can increase your writing ability. You can also create plot lines or theme that will make your readers appreciate your essay. The overall interest of your essay will make people read your essay.In conclusion, writing an essay requires plenty of effort. You can be sure that if you start your essay well, you can write an outstanding essay. Make use of literary techniques that will work for you. Just try not to write too much. Remember that it is your essay and not some novel so be creative.In conclusion, you can be sure that your essay can have great success. With some practice, you can be sure that you can write an excellent college entrance sample essay.

Night Owls vs. Morning Larks Essay Essays

Night Owls vs. Morning Larks Essay Essays Night Owls vs. Morning Larks Essay Paper Night Owls vs. Morning Larks Essay Paper â€Å"Who gets up early? Farmers. bakers. physicians. Who stays up tardily? Muggers. street girls. cat burglars. † ( 63 ) . Anne Fadiman describes a human’s position on being a forenoon individual. or as she refers to it â€Å"a forenoon lark† . verses a dark individual or â€Å"a dark owl† . So how would you sort yourself ; a forenoon lark. a dark bird of Minerva or are you a small of both? When reading the article. â€Å"Night Owl† by Anne Fadiman. I found that she provides her ain positions utilizing scientific research about dark people and forenoon people. the effects of being a dark individual has on her. and describes a contrast between a forenoon individual and a dark individual through the usage of literary devices. Our society stereotypes dark owls as people that are out to harm others. to be arch. and/or people who are lazy because they sleep the twenty-four hours off. Although being a forenoon lark has its benefits. being a dark bird of Minerva has its benefits every bit good. Fadiman’s observations on dark bird of Minervas are positive. particularly since she is awake when the bulk of the universe around her is fast asleep. The â€Å"night owl† regimen seems to complement Fadiman because it serves as a clip for her creativeness to flux and it seems to flux for many others every bit good. She claims â€Å"I am non to the full alive until the sundowns. † Her kiping during the daylight does non reflect on her ability to carry through her day-to-day undertakings expeditiously. I believe that when you begin your twenty-four hours when the people around you are fast asleep you see the universe in another visible radiation. Fadiman goes on to depict the alterations to switch work by stating. â€Å"it is easier to portion a given district when no everyone is out and approximately at one time. † ( 63 ) . which I can understand. Not everyone can efficaciously be working on the same agenda at the same time. since the terminal consequence would most probably be an escalated unemployment rate for that peculiar country. On the other manus being a forenoon individual you are able to harvest the benefits of waking up with the bulk of the population. Anne’s hubby. George. is â€Å"a house truster in prehending the twenty-four hours while it is still fresh† ( 63 ) . I believe this to be true every bit good. you can carry through so much more during the daylight. Daylight provides many wellness benefits for worlds such as Vitamin D. which is absorbed from the Sun and keeps us healthy. It besides gives us a clean slate every forenoon when we wake. Some struggles can and make originate when you are in a relationship affecting people with opposite sleep rhythms. Fadiman explains â€Å"when we turn off the visible radiation at 11:30-too late for him. excessively early for me-George falls immediately asleep. while I. mocked by the bird that sleeps above my caput. arrange and rearrange the pillows. seeking for the elusive cool sides. † ( 62 ) . Issues that are introduced for those people in relationships with different slumber and work forms can include attending at recreational and/or societal activities and general slumber wonts. Throughout Anne Fadiman’s piece. she makes good usage of literary devices. such as imagination and symbolism. to put the tone for her audience. She writes the piece as informational but still manages to mai ntain it friendly. Immediately in the first paragraph she writes about holding birds carved in on each side of the caput stations of her and her husband’s bed. â€Å"On George’s side there is a meadowlark. brown of back. yellow of chest. with a black thoracic V as trig and sporty as the cervix of a tennis sweater† ( 62 ) Fadiman describes the alone characteristics of the lark that sits above her hubbies resting caput. She paints a bright graphic image of the lark for her readers in which she refers to the lark throughout her piece. Further in the authorship she besides describes a journey she had taken with a friend in New Zealand. Fadiman writes a description of her position from inside her collapsible shelter. â€Å"†¦inside which a radiance candle lantern makes your boggy boots and moist wool socks look as if they were painted by Georges de La Tour. †¦Ã¢â‚¬  ( 64 ) . The symbolism used in Night Owl is the construct of bird of Minerva and larks being used to depict a dark individual and a forenoon individual and is used throughout the full article. â€Å"Night Owl† was a well-written piece and introduced a subject that is non frequently discussed but affects about everyone. She captured readers. including myself. with her usage of colourful vivacious imagination and logical information that can be applied to her audience’s existent life state of affairss. We are society that positions dark as a menace and daytime as the premier clip to carry through undertakings. With articles such as â€Å"Night Owl† people may recognize the chances that await the dark. The alteration to switch work in my sentiment will merely go on to increase and better the preconceived impressions of dark bird of Minerva.

Sitting course goals and learning objectives Assignment

Sitting course goals and learning objectives - Assignment Example It is one of the key characteristic in becoming successful. Setting goals and objectives for instructional processes are like shaping the destiny of the students. However, one major prerequisite is that the goals are rationale and achievable. Lousy and unattainable goals can be de-motivating as well as leading to lousy output from students. Teachers need to set objectives and review their instructional methodology to have a clear idea of where to lead the students. One of the factors which are not attended to most frequently while setting goals is student assessment. If instructional goals are too specific it might hinder their learning and compel students to ask again and again and hence spoon fed. When students have personalized learning objectives they might as well reciprocate and try their best to achieve them. As mentioned earlier, goals must be achievable. When students see such a goal they are likely to take it up as a challenge. This might include stretching old limits but since the reward or the sense of accomplishment is strong, students try their best to achieve it. When they know their effort or hard work would not go to waste, and rather it will be appreciated. If the teacher evaluates and measures each student’s progress quantitatively, students reciprocate it with greater improvement the next time as the evaluation is now â€Å"measurable†. A huge amount of autonomy can be bad for the students. Similarly, a lot of dependency can be even worse and students then simply follow instructions. And an â€Å"instruct-follow† cycle forms which can also be termed as spoon feeding yields less or absolutely no reciprocal as it is not mutual because the student is simply following the instructions. 2. Mc Keachie indicates that most of students learning occurs outside of the classroom through assignments that encourage students to practice and/or apply the course information. Given the vast amounts of information in our society, this seems

Response to the Movie Sicko In medical sociology terms Essay

Response to the Movie Sicko In medical sociology terms - Essay Example rom the 2006 National Health Interview Survey† highlighted that in 2006, â€Å"there were 43.6 million Americans of all ages who did not have health insurance (at the time of the interview), or 14.8% of the population† (cdc.gov). With this, some people could not help but complain to the somewhat awful situation that they are in. In the same way, SiCKO (directed by Michael Moore), a movie from The Weinstein Company and Dog Eat Dog Productions, documented the alarming health issues that the contemporary Americans are facing nowadays. The movie revealed how health services in the US are made nearly unavailable and mostly unaffordable to its citizenry by its increasing costs and profit maximization by giant insurance companies. Also, SiCKO compared US’ health care to other nations such as Canada, Great Britain, France, and even Cuba, with an astonishing revelation of their free and low-costs health care services to its people. Thus, the following sections of this pape r exemplified my response to the movie in medical sociology terms. As we all know, without even mentioning the exact figures, Americans are now living in the world where there is a significant increase in diseases like cardiovascular disorders and cancers. Of course, this can be attributed to people’s negative health behaviors and lifestyles, which include lack of exercise and dietary conditions that predispose them to these diseases. In an instance, Michael Moore narrated in the movie that in France, people get to enjoy their wine, cigarettes, and fatty foods. These behaviors and lifestyles do have a direct impact on health. But Moore augmented that despite these French indulgences, just like Canadians and Brits, they live much longer than the Americans do. â€Å"Something about that seemed grossly unfair†, said Moore. Moreover, Dr. Jacques Milliez, Head of Obstetrics, St. Antoine Hospital, said in his interview with Moore that in France, â€Å"you pay according to your means and you receive according

Focus on the Learner Essay Example for Free

Focus on the Learner Essay Student Background Veronica is a 31 year old elementary level student. She is originally from Ecuador and is currently residing in Birmingham and has been for the past 3 months. She is University level educated, as a graduate in Dentistry, and a native speaker of Spanish and is also fluent in Italian. Veronica has worked as a dentist in her families practice; she has learned English at a basic level and is able to converse in English at an elementary level. Her motivation for studying English is to increase her level of English language so that she may work as a dentist in England. She has been encouraged by her sister to move to the United Kingdom as the rate of pay in her home country she could not earn enough money. She is very motivated to learn English as she will be able to provide a better life for herself financially and will also be able to better communicate and therefore socialise with her friends from different cultures. Linguistic and Skills: Strengths and Weaknesses 1. Listening It is difficult to grade listening skills without actually setting a listening task. For the purpose of this report I will analyse the understanding of questions set in the interview as well as class observation of the learner. Veronica seems to understand what is said and did not stall in answering the questions. She is able to understand most task set in class with the teacher’s explanation, without requiring further help. However when she doesn’t understand an exercise, she will not respond to the task set and will check with classmates in order to complete the task. 2. Speaking Strengths Veronica is able to present her message in a relatively clear manner. She is a fast speaker, often the case with Spanish native speakers. She uses simple short sentences mainly in the present tense. (Lines 10/14). Weaknesses Veronica has difficulty with pronunciation, often not using stresses. She pronounces the word noisy as nosy as seen in line 13-14. However when I repeated the word in the correct manner, she quickly adopted the correct pronunciation. She uses the past simple to explain future plans as seen in line 20 and line 25.This is a grammar error also noted in her writing and reading task. Veronica uses ‘is’ instead of it ‘it is’ and makes the error of using in instead of at (as seen in line 20) to state future plan of studying at University, she also made the error of putting the before the lexical verb university Grammar Tense Veronica struggles with the future tenses. She uses ‘is’ to explain future plans as seen in line 20. Vocabulary Veronica displays a relatively good level of vocabulary, illustrated by words such a professional, principle and University (lines8/20/21). However at times she struggles to find the words she wants to explain which results in her mumbling ’inaudible’. Pronunciation Veronica struggles with pronunciation. This may be seen in words such as noisy, seen in line 13-14, and principle, line 8/20 Reading Strengths Veronica was able to complete the reading task without any prompt, in other words independently. She was able to read for the specific information, and seemed to be familiar with have and haven’t. She showed particular strength in writing full sentences with correct capital letters as well as an ability to recognise the correct punctuation and contractions making only a few errors. Weaknesses Veronica has made a few errors in the reading exercise. This may be seen through her answering, ‘it is’ instead of ‘it has’, when asked whether an individual has internet on their mobile phone. This perhaps illustrate that she may struggle with grammar. Veronica has also made a few mistakes in writing the correct punctuation, often rewriting the wrong sentence instead of correcting it as well as failing to put a full stop at the end of the sentence, as well as not using enough commas. This illustrates that Veronica who is although familiar with capital letters, punctuation, and contractions needs more support in this area. Writing Strengths Veronica is able to present her message relatively well; she is able to spell most word correctly. She illustrates a variety of words, therefore can be seen to have a good vocabulary for a learner at elementary level. She presents her ideas in logical manner, she states for example that her life in England is interesting and is able explain in more detail why she has written this. Her handwriting is very legible. She is able to use correct punctuation such as full stops and comma’s as well as contractions. Weaknesses Veronica has made a few spelling mistakes, often when words are difficult to spell such as profession which even native speaker struggle with. However even more importantly Veronica has struggled to use the capital letters in the correct manner, for example she writes Favourite instead of favourite and uses full stops to frequently instead of commas. She also struggles with the difference between is, has are and often makes errors in word order. Some of these mistakes such as wrong use of capital letter could also seen in reading task. Rationale for choice of Language area I have chosen to focus on grammar, most specifically on future tenses and future plans. In order to help improve Veronica’s improve her language skills in the area of tenses, as this is an area which is problematic for Veronica. Rationale for chosen skills area I have chosen to focus on speaking as this is an area which Veronica displays difficulty in as illustrated through the recording and may be seen in the transcript.

Ongoing Injustice: The American Indians Essay examples -- essays resea

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the modern world we are bombarded by others’ teachings. Being constantly surrounded by the ideas of computers, televisions and books we are influenced, we are shaped. We accept what we’ve been told and avoid discovering the truth because we know no better, and it’s safer. Too often â€Å"We fail to step outside of that safe sanctuary defined by what other’s wish us to know.†1 If the general population of the United States of America were asked what they knew of the Indians, common replies would be of romantic visions of the once free roaming, free spirited peoples of the nine-teenth century, the melodrama of the conflicts between the pioneers and the Indians, the scalpings, painted bodies decorated with feathers, reservations, and other familiarities of their past. Many would speak of the Indians as if their legacy was simply a chapter in the history books. Therefore when â€Å"...they occasionally hear a word or two about the descendants of Sitting Bull and Pocahontas protesting for casino or against Chief Wahoo, in the name of those same arcane treaties, then it is a little saddening to them to see the final deterioration of the memory of the once glorious and romantic and tragic old Chiefs, who were the last real Indians.†2 Many think along the lines of their past being simply an old and unpleasant chapter in the history book that is over and done. They feel it is time to move on. The problem is that they cannot, for the very simple reason being that what is considered to be the past and history, is not really over--it continues. Like salt on an open wound, the revealed horrors replace the horror stories of the past. The injustices that continue throughout this hemisphere, and in the remaining places in the world where indigenous peoples survive are for the most part, unknown. Over and over again the Indians have been forced to struggle with the evil to preserve their rights, culture, environment and people. One question arises-why are there still conflicts concerning the indigenous people still a threat in today’s’ highly â€Å"advanced† society? Unfortunately, the scars of these injustices are ever present and are reopened again and again through more betrayal by the government(s). The memories of the wrong done builds onto one another, and every new injustice creates more distrust and aversion. It’s an ongoing picture of cause and e... ...the immense problems aboriginals confront in trying to assert their rights, particularly when those rights clash with the development objectives of industry.†29   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, the governments’ hand in the massacres of the Indians, the many broken treaties, a disregard for the land and people, the effects of wage labor, education, the effects of Christianity, and the crooked politics that took place are all injustices done to the Indigenous Peoples. Their effects are everlasting and the continuation of injustices builds more and more distrust and aversion. The Indians are simply trying to survive but are overshadowed with the remembrance of their heritage, the atrocities of long past, recently past and today. Chief Abel Bosum of the Ouje-Bougoumou Cree Nation states:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"...Today many indigenous peoples are endangered...Respect for   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  our rights does not threaten existing states, but failure to protect   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  our rights will have disastrous consequences for many indigenous   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  people.†30   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚